Rather than simply produce the maximum range with a robust uniform timbre [which has been done superbly in Italy and in Japan for a long time],we instead concentrate on various consistent dynamic timbres for the optimum dynamic production of all chromatic notes of any octave plus six semitones- [siDo-DO-FA] with easy fingering systems.

Well, after more than 30 years experience I think I can say that it never gets easy, only a bit faster and better.

All our fipples represent scores of tiny adjustments and the more dynamic the base note or the fatter the timbre the easier it is to achieve the full dynamic top note.

The art of ocarina making is all in being able to decide on the optimum loudness available to the top note with a given size of fipple aperture .